History of Mechanical Inventions by Usher Abbott Payson;

Author:Usher, Abbott Payson;
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 1900771
Publisher: Dover Publications
Published: 2012-06-05T16:00:00+00:00

III

The extent of the explicit contributions of Leonardo may be best appreciated by the following summary of his accomplishments in the fields of applied mechanics, hydraulics, and military engineering. The common attributions of these devices is also given; when the principles indicated by Leonardo required further development the name of the inventor perfecting the device is given in brackets:

Hydraulics: Formerly attributed to:

Principles of the flow of water Benedetti Castelli, 1628

Theory of wave motion Newton and l’Emy

Pressure in connected tubes Pascal, 1653

Influence of pressure on fluidity Stevinus; Galileo

Hydraulic Appliances:

New details of pumps Ramelli, 1588

Use of pendulum to drive pumps Ramelli, 1588

Besson, sixteenth century

Water screw with coil of pipes G. de Rubeis

Centrifugal pump

Improvements in canal locks and gates

Dredge: two types Besson

Hydraulic press (rather ambiguous sketch) Bramah, 1796

Military Engineering:

Polygonal fortress with outworks A. Dürer, 1527

Buonaiuto Lorini, 1597

Breech-loading cannon

Rifled firearms

Wheel-lock pistol

Steam cannon (sketch)

General Mechanics:

a. Individual parts and pairs of mechanical elements:

Antifriction roller bearing

Band spring and fusee Sixteenth century

Universal joint Philo of Byzantium, J. Cardan, Robert Hooke; seventeenth century

Screw with square threads

Conical screw

Rope and belt drives, plain and crossed Ramelli, 1588

Link chains Vaucanson, Galle, eighteenth century

Bevel gears

Spiral gears

Stepped gears (incomplete sketch)

Double-worm cam slot on a cylinder (developed beyond Hero’s form)

Various irregular-shaped gears

Various crank motions

b. Machine tools and instruments of precision:

Improvements on the lathe: continuous motion Besson, Danner, sixteenth century

Improvements on drills and drilling apparatus [Focq, 1770; Crillon, 1809]

Wood planer (plane to be moved by hand)

Improvements on grinding and polishing wheels

Appliances for cutting screws and nuts

File cutter (sketch) Mathurin Jousse, 1627 [Duverger, 1699]

Proportional compasses J. Bürgi, 1603

Paraboloid compasses Galileo

Various apparatus to measure wind and water pressure Polhem, about 1700

c. Prime movers:

Weight-driven clock work (applied to file cutter, turnspit, fan)

Studies looking towards the turbine Barker, 1745

Water wheel (incomplete) [Fourneyron, 1823]

Turret windmill Anonymous Dutch inventor of late sixteenth century

Tread wheel, worked from level of the center Faustus Verantius, c. 1617

d. Textiles:

Rope-making apparatus (sketch) [R. March, 1784]

Silk doubling and winding Zonca, late sixteenth cenutry

Woolen spinning

Power loom (incomplete sketch)

Gig mill

Shearing engine (various incomplete studies)

e. Metal trades:

Rolls for forming iron staves for artillery making

Rolls for forming gold bars for coining

Hammer work for making gold bars

Various metal punches Benvenuto Cellini, 1528

Coinage forms

f. Miscellaneous mechanical appliances:

Studies of detail and assembly of the printing press, including an attempt at coördinating the motion of the press and the bed plate

Improved pile driver: two sketches (based on early fifteenth century elements) Delahire, 1707

Turnspit: two forms, one driven by clock work and falling weight regulated by a fly; another turned by the draft in the chimney Zonca, sixteenth century

Fan driven by clock work and a falling weight Strada, late sixteenth century

Wheelbarrow Pascal, Agricola

Lamp chimney

Ship’s log

Wagon with windlass drive Haupt, 1649

Parachute Lenormand, 1787

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